MKL, guide oil measuring rod folded + loose parts in engine compartment, C70 2.4i

Hello, after my MKL light was lit at a traffic light and then strangled engine and read out as a “long-term fuel control” error, but despite the deletion of the fault memory shortly afterwards the MKL lighted up again, I assumed the air mass meter as a cause (see my post below). Now, when I looked through the engine compartment, I found that the oil measuring rod was only unplugged in its guide and that parts attached as photos were in the motor vehicle. I was able to identify the rubber part (photo 1-2) as a “windshield drainage”. Correct? Where does that go? The round lid (photo 3) fits perfectly to the round opening of the alternator on the side (photo 4). Does it belong there? Now my question: what was the cause of the blow-out of the oil measuring rod (the sudden abrasion after acceleration and full braking?) and was the result of the MKL lighting? What was the connection between the other loose parts? s oil measuring staff the only troubleshooting related to the MKL or is there a fundamental other error /cause and I am now just eliminating the symptoms? Thank you for your help!