Why do engines withstand a compressor conversion?

I have read more recently that normal suction engines can be retrofitted with compressors or turbochargers. Examples are the U.S. V8 in Mustang, Challenger and Camaro with compressor add-on. The Nissan Skyline and others with turbo upgrade, as well as hobby screwdrivers that increase their golf etc. by hundreds of hp. In the past it was always said that an engine would only be designed for a certain performance, if you deviate more than ~15% from it, then you risk the failure of all possible It’s all called a weak point. On the other hand, one reads that the said compressor and turbo upgrades without replacing components bring 50%-100% more power. What is the point now? Does anyone have a good online article for this?